Gynaecoid (50%): round inlet, most favourable for vaginal delivery - Android (20%): heart-shaped inlet, narrow subpubic arch, associated with deep transverse arrest - Anthropoid (25%): AP diameter > transverse,...
Pear-shaped muscular organ, ~8cm long, ~5cm wide, ~2.5cm thick (non-pregnant) - Divisions: fundus, body, isthmus (lower uterine segment in pregnancy), cervix (supravaginal + vaginal portions) - Normal position:...
All steroid hormones derive from cholesterol. The rate-limiting step is transport of cholesterol into the mitochondrion by StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein), followed by side-chain cleavage to pregnenolone...
Diagnostic ultrasound uses frequencies of roughly 2–10 MHz, generated by a piezoelectric crystal that both transmits and receives.
A 95% confidence interval is the range within which the true population value would fall in 95% of identically-conducted studies. It is not a 95% probability that the true value lies in this particular interval.
Ectoderm: skin, CNS, neural crest cells, lens, teeth enamel, anterior pituitary (Rathke's pouch) - Mesoderm: muscle, bone, connective tissue, cardiovascular system, kidneys (mesonephros, metanephros), gonads, adrenal...
Cholesterol → Pregnenolone → (two pathways) - Delta-4 pathway: Pregnenolone → Progesterone → 17-OH progesterone → Androstenedione → Testosterone → Oestradiol - Delta-5 pathway: Pregnenolone → 17-OH pregnenolone → DHEA →...
The two facts most often tested: no male-to-male transmission in X-linked conditions, and mitochondrial disease is never transmitted by a father.
Streptococcus agalactiae; carried in vagina/rectum by 20-30% of women - Neonatal GBS disease: early-onset (<7 days, usually <48h) — septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis - UK does NOT have universal screening (RCOG...
CIN 1: mild dysplasia, lower 1/3 of epithelium; most regress spontaneously (60%) - CIN 2: moderate dysplasia, lower 2/3; intermediate regression/progression - CIN 3: severe dysplasia / carcinoma in situ, full thickness;...
Synthetic nonapeptide; acts on oxytocin receptors in myometrium - Uses: labour induction/augmentation, PPH prevention and treatment, caesarean section - Side effects: uterine hyperstimulation, water retention...
Cardiac output: increases 30-50% by 28-32 weeks (peaks mid-third trimester); due to increased stroke volume (early pregnancy) and heart rate (+15-20 bpm) - Systemic vascular resistance (SVR): decreases by 25-30% due to...
Hypothalamus: secretes GnRH in a pulsatile fashion from the arcuate nucleus - Anterior pituitary: gonadotrophs secrete FSH and LH in response to GnRH - Ovary: produces oestradiol, progesterone, inhibin, AMH in response...
PPV and NPV are affected by disease prevalence; sensitivity and specificity are NOT - SnNOUT: high Sensitivity → Negative result rules OUT disease - SpPIN: high Specificity → Positive result rules IN disease.
MRCOG AI is an independent educational tool. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or connected to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG).